Modern Teapots & Tea Sets

0.4 liters

Our glass teapot is made from highly heat resistant Borosilicate and is heat resistant. It’s 400ml capacity is enough to make 3 generous cups of tea. It also has a tea strainer which makes it easy to brew both loose leaf tea and teabags. The blend of an aesthetic and smooth design makes this teapot perfect for the dinner table or a tea party.

Very happy. Anonymous. Sat Feb 14 2026

The Price & Kensington Luxe 6 Cup Teapot features a delicately designed fluted embossment. Our signature iconic ‘Betty’ shape remains the same, allowing for tea leaves to be infused perfectly but offers a more contemporary style choice. The teapot can also be used with or without the Price & Kensington stainless steel filter. Perfect for hosting a modern-day tea party, the teapot is simple yet stylish and is finished with a soft gloss glaze. Crafted from fine durable stoneware, the material keeps contents hot for longer and prevents chipping. The teapot is also dishwasher and microwave safe, perfect for everyday use. The teapot features a non-drip spout, ergonomic pouring handle for comfort and has a 1100ml capacity. Perfect for serving tea in style. Inspiring teapots & table tops since 1896, Price & Kensington is a well-known British brand, renowned for quality products. Whilst teapots remain at the heart of the product range, our every growing range of table top and dinnerware collections are sure to accommodate all tastes and styles.

very loose fitting lid other than that a nice looking tea-pot. Anonymous. Langdon Hills Basildon, GB. Sun Jun 07 2026

1.2L

Very happy with my purchase its just what we were looking for.. Ian Wallace . Plymouth Devon Pl72at. Fri Mar 13 2026

0.5 L

The perfect combination of style and function, the Café Olé Rondo teapot will quickly and easily brew your favourite loose leaf teas thanks to the removable stainless steel infuser basket. The rounded design of the pot gives it a modern, eye catching air, and it is also designed with comfort in mind, with a heat resistant handle and knob to prevent your hands from burning while serving tea.

Cute sturdy teapot and very elegant.i use it every day.. Anonymous. Birmingham, GB. Tue May 12 2026

This classically shaped glass teapot will enhance your enjoyment of drinking loose leaf tea and add a touch of timeless style to the experience with its classic, rounded body and handle and long curved spout. Whatever type of tea you are infusing, whether it be green, herbal, or fruit, the glass will display the delicate shades captivatingly transform as the infusion process takes place. It is made from heat-resistant borosilicate glass and features a removable stainless steel infuser and stainless steel lid. It is suitable for use on all hob types with the exception of induction and is dishwasher safe.

I have not yet tried this teapot on the stove. It is what I've seen advertised online. Thank you.. Millie. Oxford, GB. Mon May 06 2024

0.99

Cafe Ole Derwent Teapots are a range of attractive, contemporary teaware pieces, available in five separate sizes to provide an option for all tea lovers. The pots are built to last from robust and rust-resistant 18/10 stainless steel, and polished to a gleaming and eye-catching mirror finish which helps them stand out at afternoon tea, at breakfast time, or a meal with friends. The teapot handle and lid knob feature a hollow design which keeps them cool while serving, and the perfect pour spout helps you easily and safely serve tea without spills.

Loving this teapot - keeps tea hot and no drips from spout. What more do you want from a teapot. J. Leigh-on-sea, GB. Thu May 08 2025

1L

Smaller than what I thought but that’s just because I didn’t change the size. Looks very nice though.. Claire. Northern Ireland. Wed Dec 02 2020

The Price & Kensington Luxe 6 Cup Teapot features a delicately designed fluted embossment. Our signature iconic ‘Betty’ shape remains the same, allowing for tea leaves to be infused perfectly but offers a more contemporary style choice. The teapot can also be used with or without the Price & Kensington stainless steel filter. Perfect for hosting a modern-day tea party, the teapot is simple yet stylish and is finished with a soft gloss glaze. Crafted from fine durable stoneware, the material keeps contents hot for longer and prevents chipping. The teapot is also dishwasher and microwave safe, perfect for everyday use. The teapot features a non-drip spout, ergonomic pouring handle for comfort and has a 1100ml capacity. Perfect for serving tea in style. Inspiring teapots & table tops since 1896, Price & Kensington is a well-known British brand, renowned for quality products. Whilst teapots remain at the heart of the product range, our every growing range of table top and dinnerware collections are sure to accommodate all tastes and styles.

I love the teapot. It was extremely well packaged. And arrived safely and on the delivery date and time promised. Good value. It's a good match to my kettle.. Barbara. Fri Apr 10 2026

The teapot is made of porcelain which is a type of translucent bone china - but this teapot doesn't include cow bone-like traditional bone china. This teapot pours perfectly and feels very well balanced. The handle is big enough to accommodate smaller and larger hands. Do gently hold the knop when pouring to ensure the lid remains in place. Chip and scratch resistant, I'm sure it's likely to be durable and a very useful 1200ml capacity - enough for 4-6 cups. Earthenware teapots of this capacity can be weighty. By comparison, this teapot is relatively lightweight so if weight's an issue, this is definitely one to consider.

Exactly as I expected. Anonymous. Fri Nov 29 2024

1.3L

Very good quality. Great for family get togethers, tea can be kept warm on the hob…. Love it. Alexa. London. Sun Jan 12 2025

Nice little teapot. Perfect for 2 people.. Eray. London, GB. Sun Oct 16 2022

Whether it's breakfast with the family or high tea with friends, this pretty teapot is suitable for all occasions.

Perfect for when we have homemade afternoon. Looks lovely!. Francesca. Tilehurst, Reading, GB. Sat Jan 22 2022

It’s very cutie little teapot amazing for two ppl. Anonymous. Sat Aug 31 2024

Crafted from pyrex glass, this teapot ensures you enjoy a perfectly brewed cup in the morning,

Perfect. Has lasted me 3 years and still looks new.. Emily. Bedmond, Abbots Langley, GB. Sun Sep 18 2022

1.2L, Sliver

This stainless-steel Teapot by Café Olé features a double-walled body that insulates your tea, keeping it hot while you steep the teabag, or ready for your refill after enjoying a delicious warm brew! A hollow, stay-cool handle and perfect pour spout complete this stylish tea pot’s list of features. Available in 3 sizes and 2 colour finishes.

Great stylish teapot but a few minor scratches. Anonymous. Fri Jun 30 2023

The teapot is made of porcelain which is a type of translucent bone china - but this teapot doesn't include cow bone-like traditional bone china. This teapot pours perfectly and feels very well balanced. The handle is big enough to accommodate smaller and larger hands. Do gently hold the knop when pouring to ensure the lid remains in place. Chip and scratch resistant, I'm sure it's likely to be durable and a very useful 1200ml capacity - enough for 4-6 cups. Earthenware teapots of this capacity can be weighty. By comparison, this teapot is relatively lightweight so if weight's an issue, this is definitely one to consider.

Bought as a gift but I’m really pleased with it but packaging is disappointing. Anonymous. Fri Apr 14 2023

22, Silver

Tea has a long and flavourful history, but sometimes it pays to break with tradition. That's why La Cafetière created Le Teapot, a bold new take on a centuries-old design. This stunning infuser teapot features a clear glass jug, which is hugged by a sweeping metallic frame. As your tea brews, it blends beautifully with the warm copper finish, making it perfect as a teatime centrepiece. But it's not just for special occasions. Thanks to the thermal shock-resistant borosilicate glass and the robust, rust-resistant metal frame, you can rely on it every single day. Love loose tea? Le Teapot comes with a removable, odour-resistant stainless steel infuser, which extracts those delicious, delicate flavours while keeping leaves out of your cup. Its four-cup makes it ideal for afternoon tea or chatty catch-ups – because, after all, tea is always better with friends. This glass loose leaf teapot comes securely packed in an attractive La Cafetière gift box, ready to wrap and delight a tea lover. Included is a glass jug, a plunger lid, an infuser basket, and a metal frame, which features a wide-set handle for safe, easy pouring.

Love the teapot but ordered wrong size !!!. Anonymous. Wed Jul 17 2024

13

Evocate of the traditional teapots seen throughout the Arabian Peninsula and The Levant, where tea brewing has been an integral part of everyday life for millennia. The Café Olé Arabica range of premium tea pots feature a unique style, premium material construction and two stunning design options, all of which make them a highly attractive purchase for any tea ware collection! Each tea pot in the range is made from robust 18/10 stainless steel, and they are all extremely comfortable and easy to use thanks to the perfect pour spout and ergonomic cool-touch handles. Arabica teapots are available in a plain and hammered design, and the following 5 sizes: 13oz (380ml), 18oz (500ml), 24oz (700ml), 35oz (940ml) and 48oz (1.4 Litres). Also available About the manufacturer: Founded in 1945, the award-winning Grunwerg family business produces high-quality household goods and catering products, specializing in high-quality steel. The company is headed by the Grunwerg family, located in the Steel City of Sheffield. The guaranteed high-quality Grunwerg product range remains the first choice among professionals and renowned chefs in the food industry.

Love it . Very pleased with it. Sylvia. Mon Aug 04 2025

41

Why name a teapot after Barcelona? Because the city's laid-back, cosmopolitan vibes are the perfect match for this tea-making essential. The Barcelona four-cup teapot has a chunky, architectural style that makes it ideal for display on your tea table. And with its mix of gloss grey and matte white, it feels as good to use as it does to look at. Make it the star of an elegant afternoon tea collection, or pair it with more effortlessly cool items from the Barcelona collection, including teacups and cafetières. Like all items in the range, this handsome grey teapot is made of high-quality ceramic. It's robust and easy to look after, so you can enjoy your new teapot for many tea breaks to come. Best of all, it's ideal for exploring the world of loose leaf tea. Its removable stainless steel infuser works with tea bags or leaves, keeping tea contained while extracting those tantalising, complex flavours.

The Price & Kensington Luxe 6 Cup Teapot features a delicately designed fluted embossment. Our signature iconic ‘Betty’ shape remains the same, allowing for tea leaves to be infused perfectly but offers a more contemporary style choice. The teapot can also be used with or without the Price & Kensington stainless steel filter. Perfect for hosting a modern-day tea party, the teapot is simple yet stylish and is finished with a soft gloss glaze. Crafted from fine durable stoneware, the material keeps contents hot for longer and prevents chipping. The teapot is also dishwasher and microwave safe, perfect for everyday use. The teapot features a non-drip spout, ergonomic pouring handle for comfort and has a 1100ml capacity. Perfect for serving tea in style. Inspiring teapots & table tops since 1896, Price & Kensington is a well-known British brand, renowned for quality products. Whilst teapots remain at the heart of the product range, our every growing range of table top and dinnerware collections are sure to accommodate all tastes and styles.

Ideal for traditional and contemporary settings, the simple 1.3L Teapot will make a functional and stylish addition to your daily routine.

The first teapot came broken but was replaced by a new one, no problem. Love the generous size and no dribble yah!!!. Anonymous. Sun Aug 27 2023

White

Bredemeijer Teapot Double Wall Duet Design Narvik 1.1L Satin Metallic With Wood Look Handle. Bredemeijer pours love and passion into every teapot, crafting each one with 104 hand-crafted, meticulous steps to create their exceptional Double Wall Teapots. This dedication is what makes them the best at keeping your tea at the perfect temperature, sip after sip. Every teapot is worth that little extra investment, delivering an unrivalled tea experience that you will truly savour. The Duet Design Narvik teapot attracts attention with its sleek contemporary design that comes in several finishes. The teapot features a cylindrical shape and a double-walled design. This ensures that the teas temperature and flavour is maintained for three quarters of an hour to an hour. The Narvik teapot has a 1.1 litre capacity and comes with a removable fine-mesh stainless steel tea filter. The Double Wall video does not necessarily represent the model it simply demonstrates the unique construction of all Bredemeijer double wall teapots.

This Soho 1.1 L Terracotta Teapot features a contemporary shape in a pure white earthenware body. It is perfect to serve a classic afternoon tea.

I nice white tea pot, just what I was looking for and a decent size.. Mrs. Bridlington, . Thu Oct 13 2022

0.6L

Really like this teapot. It seemed hard to find a glass one that could also be used on a gass stove top. We use it to make chai so a little bit of a different process putting in the mix, milk and sugar but worked well and made almost no mess unlike using a pan. Would recommend. The 1l is a little small but works well for 2 people with bigger mugs.. Anonymous. Sun Nov 03 2024

White

The Price & Kensington Luxe 2 Cup Teapot features a delicately designed fluted embossment. Our signature iconic ‘Betty’ shape remains the same, allowing for tea leaves to be infused perfectly but offers a more contemporary style choice. The teapot can also be used with or without the Price & Kensington stainless steel filter. Ideal for enjoying a relaxing, personal tea experience with a perfect 450ml capacity, the teapot is simple yet stylish and is finished with a soft gloss glaze. Crafted from fine durable stoneware, the material keeps contents hot for longer and prevents chipping. The teapot is also dishwasher and microwave safe, perfect for every day use. The delicate teapot also features a non-drip spout, ergonomic pouring handle for comfort. The Luxe 2 Cup Teapot is part of a fully co-ordinating collection, including espresso mugs, cafetieres and afternoon tea serving pieces.

Enjoy the festivities with this fine bone china 3-Piece Set by Royal Albert. Mimicking the celebratory, yet neat and sleek vibe of the 1950’s, this set is finished with a decadent gold lining and comes packaged in a commemorative 100 Years of Royal Albert gift box.

Ideal for keeping your tea close to hand, the crisp white dolomite teapot with black worded 'roll-up time for tea' detail will make a stylish and practical addition to your daily routine.

I like the teapot I hope that the person that I'm giving it to as a present does too! I filled it with water to see how well it pours and there was no spillage - great!!!. Pam. London, GB. Mon Nov 25 2019

Petrol

The cast iron teapot is enameled on the inside and comes with a stainless steel strainer. Cast iron is characterized by its ability to store heat and cold for longer - an advantage for enjoying hot tea longer, but also for cooling drinks. The enclosed instruction manual tells you how you can enjoy this unique and beautiful product for a long time with the correct use and material-related durability.

Die kleine Teekanne, die optisch auch ein Hingucker ist, haben wir zu Weihnachten an unserem Sohn verschenkt. Er wollte eine kleine robuste und vor allem wärmespeichernde Teekanne haben. All diese Eigenschaften erfüllt sie und steht nun in seinem Büro. Da sie aus Gusseisen ist, ist sie natürlich auch schwerer als herkömmliche Teekannen. Gusseisen speichert auch gut die Wärme und das möchte man ja haben, um einen guten Tee zu trinken. Wir geben der Teekanne 5 Sterne.. Karin. Duisburg, DE. Sat May 01 2021

1.2L

Simply stunning. This is the showcases the timeless beauty and impeccable quality of fine material. This teapot is a stunning example. It's built to withstand generations of wear, and its delicate translucence adds a real sense of luxury to the table. It will look very handsome in any setting, too. It brings contemporary touches to a versatile, enduring design with a proud, upright shape, looping handle, and geometric spout.

Amazing. Tina. Guardbridge, GB. Tue Feb 10 2026

Teaset Viborg Design 1.2L Porcelain Warm Grey Complete With Warmer. A beautiful soft shaped tea set consisting of a polished porcelain teapot complete with a complimentary styled tea light. The teapot has a capacity of 1.2 litres, which is equivalent to about six cups of tea. The tea light of course enables you to keep your tea warmer for longer. The handle is designed to be comfortable to hold for both large and small hands.

Contemporary frosted Japanese tea service - This minimalist Japanese teapot design with a slightly flat cobblestone shape by nature has a matte, smooth, glazed glaze that is overflowing with oriental taste, giving you a lively feeling of peace and harmony. In any case, a great teapot to own or to elegantly entertain guests.

0.99 L, Grey

Café Olé Stainless Steel teapot provides a user-friendly, elegant, and practical way of serving tea, coffee, or delicious herbal infusions, either in a professional restaurant, café, and bar setting or in the comfort of your own home! Utilizing user-friendly, ‘Stay Cool’ technology, the teapot has hollowed-out metal handles and a hollow knob on the lid to prevent heat conduction. This keeps those parts of the teapot nice and cool, preventing you from burning your hand while serving drinks. The high-quality metal teapots also feature a variety of finishes and colours that go well with any kitchen and will add a touch of class to your afternoon tea! To ensure your teas and coffees remain as smooth as possible, the teapot also has a built-in strainer to capture any loose particles, stopping them from spilling out into your mug.

Really good pot - excellent pourer enough for 3 mugs or 4 cups - like the quality and the discounted price from Wayfair. Anonymous. South Cave Brough, GB. Tue Mar 04 2025

0.7 L

Enjoy loose leaf tea hassle-free. This infuser pot, crafted with a stainless steel lid, allows the tea to steep perfectly. Simply remove the inf user to stop the brewing process and savor the flavor.

I like it is good quality and is enough for two people. James. London, GB. Sat Jan 28 2023

This elegantly crafted teapot is suitable to retain the temperature of the hot beverage. The angled spout is supported by cut out holes to pour tea into the mugs easily. The tapered design of teapot, its spout complement with natural wood handle coloured handle help it looks more simple.

0.013 L

With a sleek mirror-polished finish and stylish rounded design, the Buxton Range of stainless steel teapots is a must-buy for home tea enthusiasts and businesses everywhere! Café Olé has you covered if you are looking to add some class to your teaware collection.

Really disappointed with the finish on the spout of teapot for the money that I spent. Anonymous. Mon Feb 24 2025

With its smooth, complex flavour, Darjeeling is a tea that's worth taking your time with. What better name, then, for this beautiful La Cafetière glass teapot? Made of clear glass, it gives you a front-row seat to the brewing process, turning the simple act of making tea into a relaxing visual feast. Whatever you're drinking – loose tea, herbal tea or teabags – you can rely on the Darjeeling loose leaf glass teapot to make tea breaks a little more mindful. Darjeeling comes with a stainless steel infuser, which can be slotted in and out to brew loose leaves or bags. Enjoying proper loose tea is easy – simply add your leaves to the infuser, let them steep, and pour. The infuser's fine mesh keeps leaves out of your cup, so you can appreciate that smooth flavour at its finest. Don't be fooled by its delicate-looking bubble shape and sweeping handle. The Darjeeling teapot is made of high-quality borosilicate glass, which is robust, heat resistant and thermal shock resistant. Got friends round? This four-cup teapot has a 900ml (1.5-pint) capacity, so there'll be plenty for everyone.

Just what I wanted from a top brand.. Rhodri. London, GB. Sun Aug 04 2024

Glass teapot is made from borosilicate glass and is heat resistant. It’s not only a perfect addition to the kitchen, as it has a classic teapot design with a smooth, modern finish, it’s also great to give as a gift!

This beautifully designed glass teapot will enhance your enjoyment of drinking loose-leaf tea and add a touch of style to the experience. With a refined, contemporary form, it displays smooth lines in a boxed style and features a square handle which adds to the modern feel. Whatever type of tea you are infusing, whether it be green, herbal, or fruit, the glass will display the delicate shades captivatingly transforming as the infusion process takes place. It is made from heat-resistant borosilicate glass and features a removable stainless steel infuser and a polypropylene lid. It is suitable for use on all hob types with the exception of induction and is dishwasher safe.

Great product, much needed for tea lovers !. Anonymous. Fri Dec 02 2022

Invite friends and family over for a cup of tea during the festive season and serve them using this quirky Christmas teapot. Inspired by the classic story of The Nutcracker, this novelty teapot is shaped like a colourful house. Designed in the UK, it's made from strong dolomite ceramic and exquisitely hand-painted with Scandi-inspired colours to bring a hygge vibe to your dinner table. Although it works beautifully as a standalone piece of decoration, this 1.2 L teapot has been created to actually serve your favourite tea, thanks to an easy grip handle and a drip-free pouring spout. It makes a good gift bought together with the matching Soldier Mug. Complete KitchenCraft’s The Nutcracker collection with unique decorative pieces including, the Cheese Board set, Decorative Plates, Mouse and Soldier Egg Cups and Wooden Nutcracker Dolls.

Beautiful. Anonymous. Tue Mar 19 2024

1600ml glass teapot WILMAX heat -resistant glass teapot with a capacity of 1600ml from the Wilmax Thermo Glass collection. The heat-resistant Wilmax teapot from the thermal glass collection is made of special heat-resistant glass that can withstand high temperatures and direct contact with fire. The teapot can be used to boil water directly on the stove (suitable for gas or electric stoves). In addition, the teapot is equipped with a filter - a filter spring made of stainless steel - which prevents tea from running into the cup. The advantage of the glass teapot, in addition to the preparation of the tea, is that you can watch the brewing process of the different types of tea, the opening of the tea leaves and the dance of the tea. The glass teapot brings out the colour of the drink, is easy to clean and does not absorb odours. The lid of the teapot is made of 100 % natural bamboo.

A practical kitchen accessory, this stylish clear teapot with a metallic lid ensures tea holds heat and can be served to guests throughout their stay. Designed with a non-dripping spout and integrated loose tea holder, this teapot is as stylish as it is functional.

Good value for money. Its huge! Classy and neat. Anonymous. Sat Mar 23 2024

This teapot is made from strong borosilicate glass and has a transparent finish that allows an unobstructed view of the tea. The cylindrical strainer matches the round lid, both of which are made from non-corrosive stainless steel. The pot features a wide handle for safe lifting and a long spout for accurate pouring.

950ml glass teapot WILMAX heat -resistant glass teapot with a capacity of 950ml from the Wilmax Thermo Glass collection. The heat-resistant Wilmax teapot from the thermal glass collection is made of special heat-resistant glass that can withstand high temperatures and direct contact with fire. The kettle can be used to boil water directly on the stove (suitable for gas or electric stoves). The advantage of the glass teapot is that you can not only brew the tea, but also watch the brewing process of the different teas, the opening of the tea leaves and the dance of the tea. The glass teapot brings out the color of the drink, is easy to clean and does not absorb odors. The lid of the teapot is made of 100 % natural bamboo.

Made from robust borosilicate glass, this small teapot has a translucent design that allows seeing when the brew is dark enough. The deep strainer is made from stainless steel which makes it rust-free and is covered with a black lid. The strainer has small indented holes which will strain both small and large leaves.

Introducing our elegant 900ml Round Glass Teapot Silver with Stainless Steel Infuser. This exquisite teapot is a must-have for tea lovers who appreciate both style and functionality. Crafted from high-quality borosilicate glass & stainless steel. This teapot offers exceptional clarity and durability. The round & silver stainless steel design adds a touch of sophistication to your tea brewing experience, making it a beautiful centrepiece for any tea table. Crafted from high-quality borosilicate glass & stainless steel. This teapot offers exceptional clarity and durability. The round & silver stainless steel design adds a touch of sophistication to your tea brewing experience, making it a beautiful centrepiece for any tea table.

After waiting for this teapot for over I am so disappointed. When trying to pour the tea into a cup the tea spills out everywhere and in order for to use it I have to take the lid off which defeats the purpose. Vina Marie. London, GB. Thu Oct 10 2024

Bredemeijer Teapot Double Wall Minuet Cylindre Design 1.2L Taupe. Bredemeijer pours love and passion into every teapot, crafting each one with 104 hand-crafted, meticulous steps to create their exceptional Double Wall Teapots. This dedication is what makes them the best at keeping your tea at the perfect temperature, sip after sip. Every teapot is worth that little extra investment, delivering an unrivalled tea experience that you will truly savour. We guess with it']s straight sleek and tall lines our stylish Cylindre Teapot may be mistaken for a coffee pot, but Teapot it is! Manufactured from the highest quality stainless steel in several finishes it really is a classic beauty. Holding 1.2L (1200ml) it is able to serve up to 8 150ml teacups of tea. (note a Mug contains around 350ml, twice or more of a Teacup!). The Double Wall video does not necessarily represent the model it simply demonstrates the unique construction of all Bredemeijer double wall teapots.

Handcrafted in Turkey, this enamel teapot is made by fusing glass onto heavy-gauge steel for an incredibly durable design that is suited to everyday life in the kitchen.

Experience the perfect infusion of style and functionality with the Tea Pot with Filter Orient 1.5 L : Grey. Designed for tea enthusiasts who value flavour, aroma, and visual appeal, this teapot combines elegant glass construction with a precision stainless steel filter to deliver an exceptional brewing experience. With a generous 1.5-litre capacity, the Orient teapot is ideal for serving multiple cups of tea, whether hosting guests or enjoying a calm, indulgent tea ritual at home. Its clear glass body showcases the natural colour of the tea while allowing you to monitor brewing strength and infusion time. Complemented by subtle grey accents and a high-quality stainless steel filter, the Orient teapot provides a modern and refined aesthetic suitable for contemporary and classic interiors alike. Measuring Diameter: 18 cm and Height: 15 cm, it offers a well-balanced footprint for stable use and effortless pouring. The removable filter and wide glass opening make cleaning simple and efficient. Both the glass body and stainless steel components can be rinsed or gently wiped to maintain clarity and hygiene.